This book is the brainchild of the fourth Optoelectronic and Photonic Winter School on “Biophotonics” which took place from 25th February 2007 to 3rd March 2007 in Sardagna, a small village on the mountains around Trento in Italy. This school, held every two years, have been promoted to trace the very fast developing technologies and the tremendous progress in photonics which have occurred and will occur in the near future. It is a common view that its current explosive development will lead to deep paradigm shifts in the near future. Identifying the plausible scenario for the future evolution of photonics presents an opportunity for constructive actions and scouting killer technologies. This book gathers together distinguished authors to give an overview of the latest developments in biophotonics. Optical technologies have demonstrated a long tradition in the fields of life science and health care.