The Britannica Guide to the Atom
| Date: 13 April 2011, 07:43
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 THE ATOM: DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC THEORY
WHAT IS AN ATOM?
THE ATOMIC PHILOSOPHY OF THE EARLY GREEKS
THE EMERGENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE
EXPERIMENTAL FOUNDATION OF ATOMIC CHEMISTRY
ATOMIC WEIGHTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
STUDIES OF THE PROPERTIES OF ATOMS
SIZE OF ATOMS
ELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF ATOMS
LIGHT AND SPECTRAL LINES
DISCOVERY OF ELECTRONS
MILLIKAN OIL-DROP EXPERIMENT
IDENTIFICATION OF POSITIVE IONS
DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
MODELS OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
RUTHERFORD’S NUCLEAR MODEL
MOSELEY’S X-RAY STUDIES
BOHR’S SHELL MODEL
THE LAWS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
SCHRODINGER’S WAVE EQUATION
ANTIPARTICLES AND THE ELECTRON’S SPIN
ADVANCES IN NUCLEAR AND SUBATOMIC PHYSICS
STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS
QUANTUM FIELD THEORY AND THE STANDARD MODEL
CHAPTER 2 THE ATOM: COMPONENTS AND PROPERTIES
ATOMIC NUMBER
ATOMIC MASS AND ISOTOPES
THE ELECTRON
CHARGE, MASS, AND SPIN
ORBITS AND ENERGY LEVELS
ELECTRON SHELLS
ATOMIC BONDS
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
THE NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR FORCES
NUCLEAR SHELL MODEL
RADIOACTIVE DECAY
NUCLEAR ENERGY
CHAPTER 3 ISOTOPES
THE DISCOVERY OF ISOTOPES
NUCLEAR STABILITY
RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
ELEMENTAL AND ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCES
VARIATIONS IN ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCES
RADIOACTIVE DECAY
MASS FRACTIONATION
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH ISOTOPES
EFFECT OF ISOTOPES ON ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTRA
MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS
IMPORTANCE IN THE STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES
CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ISOTOPIC SUBSTITUTION
EFFECT OF ISOTOPIC SUBSTITUTION ON REACTION RATES
ISOTOPE SEPARATION AND ENRICHMENT
MASS SPECTROMETRY
DISTILLATION
CHEMICAL EXCHANGE REACTIONS
GASEOUS DIFFUSION
GAS CENTRIFUGATION
PHOTOCHEMICAL ENRICHMENT METHODS
CHAPTER 4 RADIOACTIVITY
THE NATURE OF RADIOACTIVE EMISSIONS
TYPES OF RADIOACTIVITY
ALPHA DECAY
BETA-MINUS DECAY
GAMMA DECAY
ISOMERIC TRANSITIONS
BETA-PLUS DECAY
ELECTRON CAPTURE
SPONTANEOUS FISSION
PROTON RADIOACTIVITY
SPECIAL BETA-DECAY PROCESSES
HEAVY-ION RADIOACTIVITY
OCCURRENCE OF RADIOACTIVITY
ENERGETICS AND KINETICS OF RADIOACTIVITY
ENERGY RELEASE IN RADIOACTIVE TRANSITIONS
CALCULATION AND MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY
ABSOLUTE NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY
NUCLEAR MODELS
THE LIQUID-DROP MODEL
THE SHELL MODEL
THE COLLECTIVE MODEL
RATES OF RADIOACTIVE TRANSITIONS
EXPONENTIAL-DECAY LAW
MEASUREMENT OF HALF-LIFE
APPLICATIONS OF RADIOACTIVITY
MEDICINAL
INDUSTRIAL
SCIENTIFIC
CHAPTER 5 RADIATION AND LIFE
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
UNITS FOR MEASURING IONIZING RADIATION
SOURCES AND LEVELS OF RADIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT
NATURAL SOURCES
ARTIFICIAL SOURCES
MECHANISM OF BIOLOGIC ACTION
RADIONUCLIDES AND RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT
ACCUMULATION IN CRITICAL ORGANS
THE HAZARDS OF LONG-LIVED RADIOISOTOPES
MAJOR TYPES OF RADIATION INJURY
EFFECTS ON THE CELL
EFFECTS ON ORGANS OF THE BODY (SOMATIC EFFECTS)
EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO
EFFECTS ON THE INCIDENCE OF CANCER
PROTECTION AGAINST EXTERNAL RADIATION
CONTROL OF RADIATION RISKS
CHAPTER 6 NUCLEAR FISSION
HISTORY OF FISSION RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE FISSION PROCESS
STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF NUCLEAR MATTER
INDUCED FISSION
SPONTANEOUS FISSION
THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF FISSION
FISSION FRAGMENT MASS DISTRIBUTIONS
FISSION DECAY CHAINS AND CHARGE DISTRIBUTION
PROMPT NEUTRONS IN FISSION
DELAYED NEUTRONS IN FISSION
ENERGY RELEASE IN FISSION
FISSION THEORY
NUCLEAR MODELS AND NUCLEAR FISSION
FISSION CHAIN REACTIONS AND THEIR CONTROL
USES OF FISSION REACTORS AND FISSION PRODUCTS
CHAPTER 7 NUCLEAR FUSION
THE FUSION REACTION
TWO TYPES OF FUSION REACTIONS
ENERGY RELEASED IN FUSION REACTIONS
RATE AND YIELD OF FUSION REACTIONS
THE PLASMA STATE
FUSION REACTIONS IN STARS
FUSION REACTIONS FOR CONTROLLED POWER GENERATION
METHODS OF ACHIEVING FUSION ENERGY
MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT
INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION (ICF)
MUON-CATALYZED FUSION
COLD FUSION AND BUBBLE FUSION
CONDITIONS FOR PRACTICAL FUSION YIELD
HISTORY OF FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8 BIOGRAPHIES
CLASSICAL WORLD: PHILOSOPHERS
DEMOCRITUS
LEUCIPPUS
18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES: BEGINNINGS OF ATOMIC THEORY
AMEDEO AVOGADRO
JOHANN JAKOB BALMER
JONS JACOB BERZELIUS
ROBERT BROWN
ROBERT WILHELM BUNSEN
STANISLAO CANNIZZARO
JOHN DALTON
JOSEPH LOSCHMIDT
DMITRY IVANOVICH MENDELEYEV
LOTHAR MEYER
JEAN PERRIN
JOSEPH-LOUIS PROUST
JOHANNES ROBERT RYDBERG
20TH CENTURY: RADIATION AND AFTER
HENRI BECQUEREL
MARIE CURIE
PIERRE CURIE
OTTO HAHN
LISE MEITNER
HENRY GWYN JEFFREYS MOSELEY
WILHELM RONTGEN
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
FREDERICK SODDY
FRITZ STRASSMANN
SIR J.J. THOMSON
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GENERAL HISTORY
ATOMIC COMPONENTS AND PROPERTIES
ISOTOPE
RADIOACTIVITY
NUCLEAR FISSION
NUCLEAR FUSION
RADIATION
INDEX
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