The Britannica Guide to Sound and Light
| Date: 13 April 2011, 07:42
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INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 SOUND
PLANE WAVES
WAVELENGTH, PERIOD, AND FREQUENCY
AMPLITUDE AND INTENSITY
THE DECIBEL SCALE
THE SPEED OF SOUND
CIRCULAR AND SPHERICAL WAVES
ATTENUATION
DIFFRACTION
REFRACTION
REFLECTION
IMPEDANCE
INTERFERENCE
THE DOPPLER EFFECT
SONIC BOOMS
STANDING WAVES
IN STRETCHED STRINGS
IN AIR COLUMNS
IN SOLID RODS
IN NONHARMONIC SYSTEMS
STEADY-STATE WAVES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
THE SOUND SPECTROGRAPH
GENERATION BY MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
THE HUMAN VOICE
NOISE
HEARING
DYNAMIC RANGE OF THE EAR
THE EAR AS SPECTRUM ANALYZER
BINAURAL PERCEPTION
ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
CHAPTER 2 ACOUSTICS
EARLY EXPERIMENTATION
MODERN ADVANCES
AMPLIFYING, RECORDING, AND REPRODUCING
ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS
REVERBERATION TIME
ACOUSTIC CRITERIA
ACOUSTIC PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 3 BEYOND HUMAN HEARING
ULTRASONICS
TRANSDUCERS
APPLICATIONS IN RESEARCH
RANGING AND NAVIGATING
THE DOPPLER EFFECT
MATERIALS TESTING
HIGH-INTENSITY APPLICATIONS
CHEMICAL AND ELECTRICAL USES
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
INFRASONICS
CHAPTER 4 LIGHT
THEORIES OF LIGHT THROUGH HISTORY
RAY THEORIES IN THE ANCIENT WORLD
EARLY PARTICLE AND WAVE THEORIES
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS: LIGHT AS RAYS
LIGHT RAYS
REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
DISPERSION
LIGHT AS A WAVE
CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVES
INTERFERENCE
DIFFRACTION
DIFFRACTION EFFECTS
THE DOPPLER EFFECT
LIGHT AS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE SPEED OF LIGHT
POLARIZATION
ENERGY TRANSPORT
QUANTUM THEORY OF LIGHT
BLACKBODY RADIATION
PHOTONS
QUANTUM MECHANICS
EMISSION AND ABSORPTION PROCESSES
QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
OCCURRENCE AND IMPORTANCE
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
GENERATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR
COSMIC BACKGROUND ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
EFFECT OF GRAVITATION
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT OF THE ATMOSPHERE
FORMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
RADIO WAVES
MICROWAVES
INFRARED RADIATION
VISIBLE RADIATION
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
X-RAYS
GAMMA RAYS
CHAPTER 6 LASERS
HISTORY
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
ENERGY LEVELS AND STIMULATED EMISSIONS
LASER ELEMENTS
LASER BEAM CHARACTERISTICS
TYPES OF LASERS
LASER APPLICATIONS
TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING OF INFORMATION
PRECISE DELIVERY OF ENERGY
ALIGNMENT, MEASUREMENT, AND IMAGING
CHAPTER 7 OPTICS
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
THE OPTICAL IMAGE
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
RAY-TRACING METHODS
PARAXIAL, OR FIRST-ORDER, IMAGERY
OPTICAL SYSTEMS
LENS ABERRATIONS
IMAGE BRIGHTNESS
OPTICS AND INFORMATION THEORY
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
IMAGE FORMATION
PARTIALLY COHERENT LIGHT
OPTICAL PROCESSING
HOLOGRAPHY
NONLINEAR OPTICS
CHAPTER 8 BIOGRAPHIES
SIR GEORGE BIDDELL AIRY
ERASMUS BARTHOLIN
NIKOLAY G. BASOV
SIR DAVID BREWSTER
ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON
CHRISTIAN DOPPLER
ARMAND-HIPPOLYTE-LOUIS FIZEAU
HARVEY FLETCHER
JEAN FOUCAULT
AUGUSTIN-JEAN FRESNEL
DENNIS GABOR
HERMANN VON HELMHOLTZ
CHRISTIAAN HUYGENS
EDWIN HERBERT LAND
HANS LIPPERSHEY
THEODORE H. MAIMAN
ETIENNE-LOUIS MALUS
A.A. MICHELSON
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
ALEKSANDR MIKHAYLOVICH PROKHOROV
JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT, 3RD LORD RAYLEIGH
OLE ROMER
WILHELM RONTGEN
ARTHUR L. SCHAWLOW
WILLEBRORD VAN ROIJEN SNELL
CHARLES TOWNES
THOMAS YOUNG
CONCLUSION
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SOUND
ACOUSTICS
LIGHT
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
LASERS
OPTICS
INDEX
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