Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach
| Date: 30 April 2011, 09:24
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A must read book to clear the concept of thermodynamics in an engineering approach.
thermodynamics an engineering approach [cengel - boles]
Introduction and Basic Concepts
1-1 Thermodynamics and Energy
Application Areas of Thermodynamics
1-2 Importance of Dimensions and Units
Some SI and English Units
Dimensional Homogeneity
Unity Conversion Ratios
1-3 Systems and Control Volumes
1-4 Properties of a System
Continuum
1-5 Density and Specific Gravity
1-6 State and Equilibrium
The State Postulate
1-7 Processes and Cycles
The Steady-Flow Process
1-8 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Temperature Scales
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)
1-9 Pressure
Variation of Pressure with Depth
1-10 The Manometer
Other Pressure Measurement Devices
1-11 The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure
1-12 Problem-Solving Technique
Step 1: Problem Statement
Step 2: Schematic
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
Step 4: Physical Laws
Step 5: Properties
Step 6: Calculations
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
Engineering Software Packages
A Remark on Significant Digits
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 2
Energy Conversion and General Energy Analysis
2-1 Introduction
2-2 Forms of Energy
Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy
Mechanical Energy
More on Nuclear Energy
2-3 Energy Transfer by Heat
Historical Background on Heat
2-4 Energy Transfer by Work
Electrical Work
2-5 Mechanical Forms of Work
Shaft Work
Spring Work
Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars
Work Associated with the Stretching of a Liquid Film
Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body
Nonmechanical Forms of Work
2-6 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy Balance
Energy Change of a System, ?Esystem
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout
2-7 Energy Conversion Efficiencies
2-8 Energy and Environment
Ozone and Smog
Acid Rain
The Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change
Topic of Special Interest: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 3
Properties of Pure Substances
3-1 Pure Substance
3-2 Phases of a Pure Substance
3-3 Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances
Compressed Liquid and Saturated Liquid
Saturated Vapor and Superheated Vapor
Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure
Some Consequences of Tsat and Psat Dependence
3-4 Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes
1 The T-v Diagram
2 The P-v Diagram
Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase
3 The P-T Diagram
The P-v-T Surface
3-5 Property Tables
Enthalpy—A Combination Property
1a Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
1b Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture
2 Superheated Vapor
3 Compressed Liquid
Reference State and Reference Values
3-6 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State
Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas?
3-7 Compressibility Factor—A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas
Behavior
3-8 Other Equations of State
Van der Waals Equation of State
Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State
Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State
Virial Equation of State
Topic of Special Interest
Vapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 4
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
4-1 Moving Boundary Work
Polytropic Process
4-2 Energy Balance for Closed Systems
4-3 Specific Heats
4-4 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
4-5 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heat of Solids and Liquids
Internal Energy Changes
Enthalpy Changes
Topic of Special Interest: Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Systems
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 5
Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes
5-1 Conservation of Mass
Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Conservation of Mass Principle
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
Special Case: Incompressible Flow
5-2 Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
Energy Transport by Mass
5-3 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems
Energy Balance
5-4 Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices
1 Nozzles and Diffusers
2 Turbines and Compressors
3 Throttling Valves
4a Mixing Chambers
4b Heat Exchangers
5 Pipe and Duct Flow
5-5 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes
Mass Balance
Energy Balance
Topic of Special Interest: General Energy Equation
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 6
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
6-1 Introduction to the Second Law
6-2 Thermal Energy Reservoirs
6-3 Heat Engines
Thermal Efficiency
Can We Save Qout ?
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin–Planck Statement
6-5 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
Coefficient of Performance
Heat Pumps
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clausius Statement
Equivalence of the Two Statements
6-6 Perpetual-Motion Machines
6-7 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
Irreversibilities
Internally and Externally Reversible Processes
6-8 The Carnot Cycle
The Reversed Carnot Cycle
6-9 The Carnot Principles
6-10 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
6-11 The Carnot Heat Engine
The Quality of Energy
Quantity versus Quality in Daily Life
6-12 The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
Topics of Special Interest: Household Refrigerators
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 7
Entropy
7-1 Entropy
A Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer
Processes
7-2 The Increase of Entropy Principle
Some Remarks about Entropy
7-3 Entropy Change of Pure Substances
7-4 Isentropic Processes
7-5 Property Diagrams Involving Entropy
7-6 What Is Entropy?
Entropy and Entropy Generation in Daily Life
7-7 The T ds Relations
7-8 Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids
7-9 The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)
Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)
Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)
Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume
7-10 Reversible Steady-Flow Work
Proof that Steady-Flow Devices Deliver the Most and Consume the Least
Work when the Process Is Reversible
7-11 Minimizing the Compressor Work
Multistage Compression with Intercooling
7-12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices
Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines
Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps
Isentropic Efficiency of Nozzles
7-13 Entropy Balance
Entropy Change of a System, ?S system
Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout
1 Heat Transfer
2 Mass Flow
Entropy Generation, Sgen
Closed Systems
Control Volumes
Entropy Generation Associated with a Heat Transfer Process
Topics of Special Interest: Reducing the Cost of Compressed Air
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 8
Exergy: A Measure of Work Potential
8-1 Exergy: Work Potential of Energy
Exergy (Work Potential) Associated with Kinetic and Potential Energy
8-2 Reversible Work and Irreversibility
8-3 Second-Law Efficiency, ?II
8-4 Exergy Change of a System
Exergy of a Fixed Mass: Nonflow (or Closed System) Exergy
Exergy of a Flow Stream: Flow (or Stream) Exergy
8-5 Exergy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass
Exergy Transfer by Heat Transfer, Q
Exergy Transfer by Work, W
Exergy Transfer by Mass, m
8-6 The Decrease of Exergy Principle and Exergy Destruction
Exergy Destruction
8-7 Exergy Balance: Closed Systems
8-8 Exergy Balance: Control Volumes
Exergy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems
Reversible Work, W rev
Second-Law Efficiency of Steady-Flow Devices, ?II
Topics of Special Interest: Second-Law Aspects of Daily Life
Summary
References and Suggested Reading
Problems
Chapter 9
Gas Power Cycles
9-1 Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles
9-2 The Carnot Cycle and Its Value in Engineering
9-3 Air-Standard Assumptions
9-4 An Overview of Reciprocating Engines
9-5 Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition
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