As the 19th century drew to a close, the age-old quest to understand the physical world appeared to be complete except for a few minor details. "It seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established," said Albert Michelson, the first American scientist to win a Nobel Prize.
But when Michelson made that prediction, he never dreamed that one of the "details"—his own curious discovery that the speed of light is constant no matter how fast an observer is moving—would soon be explained by a revolutionary theory that redefined the very concepts of space, time, matter, and energy.
The author of that theory, called relativity, was Albert Einstein. He would also lay the foundation for a strange new picture of the atom, which would eventually lead to quantum mechanics and a succession of startling discoveries driving physicists to ever more bizarre theories of the ultimate nature of the universe.
Imagine Today's Science from a Turn-of-the Century Perspective
Scientists in 1900 had no inkling of the other mind-boggling developments that lay in wait: plate tectonics, genetic engineering, space probes, nanotechnology, Big Bang theory, electronic computers, nuclear weapons, artificial intelligence, and many other astounding products of the human mind.
Indeed, by the end of the 20th century, nearly every 19th-century theory of natural and social phenomena would be overthrown or superseded.
A philosopher and historian of science, Professor Goldman (Ph.D., Boston University) has been researching the growing power and influence of science in modern society for nearly 40 years.
"For me," he says, "there's tremendous intellectual satisfaction from seeing how the ideas of 19th-century science were transformed in the 20th century into new kinds of theories that have much greater explanatory power, predictive power, and control power."
[b]A Course in Ideas[/b]
"Transformation" is key—because 20th-century science is less revolutionary than evolutionary, in the sense that it built on crucial 19th-century concepts such as energy, natural selection, atoms, fields, and waves.
Professor Goldman is fascinated with such connections, which makes this more than a traditional history course.
Einstein himself was drawing on the known principles of waves and fields to reach the unexpected conclusions of the theory of relativity.
Throughout these 36 lectures, you learn the distinctive ideas that characterize 20th-century science, among them:
[list][*]Science is a unity that encompasses the "hard" sciences of physics and chemistry, and the "soft" sciences, such as economics and sociology.
[*]Modern science is a cultural phenomenon that has an inside, intellectual dimension, and an outside, social relationship dimension.
[*]Concepts change: The terms space, time, matter, energy, the universe, Earth, gene, language, economy, culture, and society no longer mean what they did a century ago.
[*]Reality is ultimately describable in terms of information, relationships, and processes.
[/list]The course is organized into five major themes: matter and energy, the universe, Earth, life, and humanity. The last theme, humanity, encompasses the social sciences, an area that is often omitted from histories of science.
Professor Goldman remedies that oversight to bring you the most significant ideas in anthropology, archaeology, history, linguistics, sociology, political science, economics, psychology, and cognitive science—alongside the major developments in physics, chemistry, mathematics, earth science, and biology.
[hide=Course Lecture Titles][list][*]1. The Evolution of 20th-Century Science
[*]2. Redefining Reality
[*]3. Quantum Theory Makes Its Appearance
[*]4. The Heroic "Old" Age of Quantum Theory
[*]5. A Newer Theory—QED
[*]6. QED Meets Fission and Fusion
[*]7. Learning by Smashing
[*]8. What Good is QED?
[*]9. The Newest Theory—Quantum Chromodynamics
[*]10. Unifying Nature
[*]11. Chemists Become Designers
[*]12. Mathematics and Truth
[*]13. Mathematics and Reality
[*]14. The Universe Expands
[*]15. What is the Universe?
[*]16. How Do We Know What's Out There?
[*]17. From Equilibrium to Dynamism
[*]18. Subterranean Fury
[*]19. Solar System Citizen
[*]20. Science Organized, Adopted, Co-opted
[*]21. Techno-Science and Globalization
[*]22. The Evolution of Evolution
[*]23. Human Evolution
[*]24. Genetics—From Mendel to Molecules
[*]25. Molecular Biology
[*]26. Molecular Medicine
[*]27. Culture—Anthropology and Archaeology
[*]28. Culture—History
[*]29. Culture—Linguistics
[*]30. Society—Sociology
[*]31. Society—Political Science
[*]32. Society—Economics
[*]33. Mind—Classical and Behavioral Psychology
[*]34. Mind—Cybernetics, AI, Connectionism
[*]35. Looking Back
[*]36. Looking Around and Looking Ahead
[/list][/hide]
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