Road to Serfdom: With the Intellectuals and Socialism
Date: 15 April 2011, 17:44
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Friedrich A. Hayek was one of the twentieth century’s greatest philosophers. While he is best known for his work in economics, he also made signifi cant contributions in political philosophy and law. The publication for which Professor Hayek is most widely known is The Road to Serfdom, written during World War II, the condensed Reader’s Digest version of which is presented here along with what might be seen as his follow-up, The Intellectuals and Socialism, fi rst published by the University of Chicago Law Review in 1949. A focal point of The Road to Serfdom was to offer an explanation for the rise of Nazism, to correct the popular and erroneous view that it was caused by a character defect of the German people. Hayek differs, saying that the horrors of Nazism would have been inconceivable among the German people a mere fi fteen years before Adolf Hitler’s rise to power. Indeed, ‘throughout most of its history [Germany was] one of the most tolerant European countries for Jews’.1 Other evidence against the character defect argument is that the writings of some German philosophers, such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Wilhelm von Humboldt and Friedrich Schiller, served as inspiration for ideas about the liberal order later expressed in the writings of British philosophers such as John Stuart Mill and David Hume. What happened in Germany? Hayek explains, ‘The supreme tragedy is still not seen that in Germany it was largely people of good will who, by their socialist policies, prepared the way for forces which stand for everything they detest’. Hayek’s explanation for the rise of Nazism was not understood and appreciated in 1944, and it is still not fully understood and appreciated today. Collectivism, whether it is in Germany, the former Soviet Union, Britain or the USA, makes personal liberty its victim. How do we combat collectivism? Hayek provides some answers in The Intellectuals and Socialism. In a word or two, those who support the liberal social order must attack the intellectual foundations of collectivism. Hayek urges that an understanding of just what it is that leads many intellectuals toward socialism is vital. It is neither, according to Hayek, selfi sh interests nor evil intentions that motivate intellectuals towards socialism. On the contrary, they are motivated by ‘mostly honest convictions and good intentions’. Hayek adds that it is necessary to recognise that ‘the typical intellectual is today more likely to be a socialist the more he is guided by good will and intelligence’.
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