Quantum Statistics in Optics and Solid-State Physics - ISBN:3540061894

Quantum Statistics in Optics and Solid-State Physics

Date: 14 April 2011, 17:13

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The transition of a macroscopic system from a disordered, chaotic state
to an ordered more regular state is a very general phenomenon as is
testified by the abundance of highly ordered macroscopic systems in
nature. These transitions are of special interest, if the change in order
is structural, i.e. connected with a change in the symmetry of the system's
state.
The existence of such symmetry changing transitions raises two
general theoretical questions. In the first place one wants to know the
conditions under which the transitions occur. Secondly, the mechanisms
which characterize them are of interest.
Since the entropy of a system decreases, when its order is increased,
it is clear from the second law of thermodynamics that transitions to
states with higher ordering can only take place in open systems interacting
with their environment.
Two types of open systems are particularly simple. First, there are
systems which are in thermal equilibrium with a large reservoir prescribing
certain values for the intensive thermodynamic variables. Structural
changes of order in such systems take place as a consequence of
an instability of all states with a certain given symmetry. They are known
as second order phase transitions. Both the possibility of their occurrence
and their general mechanisms have been the subject of detailed
studies for a long time.

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