Neutron Scattering Part C | Date: 28 April 2011, 05:32
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Neutron Scattering Part C (Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences)
By Author Unknown
* Publisher: Academic Press
* Number Of Pages: 504
* Publication Date: 1987-09-11
* ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0124759688
* ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780124759688
PREFACE
The neutron scattering technique for measuring the structure and dynamics
of condensed matter has developed over the 50 years ofthe neutron’s
history into a widely used tool in physics, chemistry, biology, and materials
science. Since the early diffraction studies in the 1940s and the first measurements
of inelastic scattering in the 1950s, developments in experimental
methods have greatly increased the sensitivity and range of applications of
the technique. Thus, while the early measurements probed distances on the
order of interatomic spacings (-3 A) and times on the order of typical
periods of lattice vibrations (- I ps), the current range of neutron scattering
experiments covers distances from 0.1 to 10,000 A, and times from 10 fs to
1 ps. This has been achieved by expanding the range of neutron energies
available to the experimenter from a few milli-electron-volts (at cold sources
in research reactors) to several electron-volts (at pulsed spallation sources),
and by using a variety of novel detection methods such as position-sensitive
detectors and back-scattering and spin-echo techniques. As a result, the areas
of investigation have expanded from the conventional crystal structures and
lattice dynamics (and their magnetic analogs) of 30 years ago to high-resolution
studies of the atomic spacings in amorphous thin films, biological structures
on a cellular scale, unraveling of long chains of polymers, and transitions
between energy levels in molecular solids.
Along with these developments, the community of neutron users has
expanded and diversified. Whereas 30 years ago neutron scattering was
practiced largely by solid-state physicists and crystallographers, the users of
present-day centralized neutron facilities include chemists, biologists, ceramicists,
and metallurgists, as well as physicists of diverse interests ranging
from fundamental quantum mechanics to fractals and phase transitions.
The neutron centers have developed from essentially in-house facilities at
the national nuclear research laboratories into centralized facilities organized
for use by the general scientific community at an international level.
The pioneer of this mode of operation was the Institut Laue-Langevin in
Grenoble, France, operated since 1972 by Britain, France, and Germany as a
user-oriented facility for scientists from these and other countries. Similar
modes ofoperation are now being established at other major reactor facilities
like those at Brookhaven and Oak Ridge in the United States, and the pulsed
spallation sources that have recently come into operation at Argonne in the
United States, the KEK Laboratory in Japan, and the Rutherford Labora
tory in Britain have been set up from the beginning with this mode of
operation. The current population of users of these and other neutron facilities
has been recently estimated* to be 500 in the United States, 1250 in
Western Europe, and about 200 in Japan.
The aim of the present book is to describe the current state of the art of
application of neutron scattering techniques in those scientific areas that are
most active. The presentation is aimed primarily at professionals in different
scientific disciplines, from graduate students to research scientists and university
faculty members, who may be insufficiently aware of the range of
opportunities provided by the neutron technique in their area ofspecialty. It
does not present a systematic development of the theory, which may be
found in excellent textbooks such as those of Lovesey or Squires, or a detailed
hands-on manual of experimental methods, which in our opinion is
best obtained directly from experiencedpractitionersat the neutron centers. It
is rather our hope that this book will enable researchers in a particular area to
identify aspects of their work in which the neutron scattering technique
might contribute, conceive the important experiments to be done, assess
what is required to carry them out, write a successful proposal for this
purpose for one of the centralized user facilities, and carry out the experiments
under the care and guidance of the appropriate instrument scientist.
With this object in view, each chapter relating to a particular field of science
has been written by a leading practitioner or practitioners of the application
of the neutron methods in that field.
Volume 23, Part A, of this work starts out with a brief survey of the
theoretical concepts ofthe technique and establishes the notation that will be
used throughout the book. Chapters 2 and 3 review the fundamental hardware
of neutron scattering, namely, sources and experimental methods, and
Chapter 4 discusses fundamental physics applications in neutron optics. The
remaining chapters of Part A treat various basic applications of neutron
scattering to studies of the atomic structure and dynamics of materials. The
Appendix contains a compilation of neutron scattering lengths and cross
sections that are important in nearly all neutron scattering experiments.
Volume 23, Part B, contains surveys of the application of neutron scattering
techniques to nonideal solids, such as solids with defects, two-dimensional
solids and glasses, and to various classes of fluids. Finally, Volume 23,
Part C, treats neutron scattering investigations of magnetic materials, solids
undergoing phase transitions, and macromolecular and biological structures.
In recognition of the expanding use of neutron scattering in technol-
ogy, the last chapter in Part C is devoted to a survey of industrial applications.
We wish to thank the authors for taking time out of their busy schedules
for contributing these chapters, Dr. R. Celotta for inviting us to undertake
this work, and the staff of Academic Press for their encouragement and
forbearance.
KURT S K ~ L D
DAVIDL . PRICE
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