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Main features:
5 August
CHEMISTRY IN MOTION
Chemical reactions are triggered by the dynamics of valence electrons in molecular orbitals. A proof-of-princip
le demonstration reported in this issue shows how attosecond spectroscopy can be adapted to follow the hyperfast
(subfemtosecond) motion of electron wavepackets in the valence shell — the bond-forming electrons — of krypton ions.
Attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of this type has the potential to reveal the elementary electron motions
in molecules and solid-state materials that determine physical, chemical and biological properties. The cover depicts
a sequence of snapshots of the oscillatory motion of a valence electron inside an atomic ion, reconstructed from
attosecond pump—probe measurements.
12 August
THE FIRST CUT
Until now, the earliest evidence for tool use by our ancestors or their relatives was from two sites in
Ethiopia’s Awash Valley: stone tools manufactured about 2.5 million years ago and cut-marked bones of
about the same age. Now, at Dikika in the Lower Awash Valley, the discovery of two bones from ungulates
with cut and percussion marks — consistent with the use of stone tools to remove flesh and extract bone
marrow — suggests an even earlier date of 3.4 million years ago for tool use by hominins . The marks are
probably the work of Australopithecus afarensis, the species to which the iconic Lucy (from Hadar, Ethiopia)
and the juvenile Selam (from Dikika) belong.
19 August
DOUBLE STRIKE
The tsunami that devastated the Samoan and northern Tongan islands in September 2009 was preceded by a giant
earthquake on the outer slope of the oceanic trench, where the Pacific plate bends as it enters the subduction
zone. This was thought to be the sole source of the tsunami but now two groups have used GPS, tsunami-wave
and seismic data to report that the tsunami was caused by two near-simultaneous, giant earthquakes, one of
which was hidden by the other in seismic traces at the time. This dual strike suggests a mechanism for the
occasional large tsunamis generated at the Tonga subduction zone. On the cover, destruction on Niuatoputapu
Island, where tsunami flows reached 16 m above sea level..
26 August 2010
SOCIAL SERVICES
Darwin recognized eusocial insect colonies — with sterile workers and fertile queens — as a challenge to
evolutionary theory: it is tricky to explain why some individuals sacrifice their own reproductive potential
in order to raise the offspring of others. Kin selection theory, in which individual fitness derives from
increasing the survival of a relatives’ offspring, is often suggested as the explanation. In an Analysis
feature, Martin Nowak, Corina Tarnita and Edward O. Wilson point out that this approach is not generally
applicable. Instead, they say, standard natural selection combined with precise models of population structure
provides a simpler answer. On the cover, Formica obscuripes nestmate workers engaging in trophallaxis, or
the social sharing of liquid food.


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