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Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752
Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670-1752
Date: 15 April 2011, 09:42

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Israel theorized that there were two enlightenments that emerged from the late seventeenth century. The "Conservative Enlightenment" was a mixture of "reason" with tradition and religion. This is the philosophy that was gaining support by many functionaries of state and in the Janesist movement of the Church. Conservative Enlightenment ideas advocated needed improvements in the existing socio-political order, such as relief for the poor and judicial reforms. However, the danger was that although Conservative Enlightenment philosophy did not teach revolution or democracy, it succeeded in transforming people's minds to lose respect for tradition. "Radical Enlightenment" propelled by "reason" alone encompassed a plethora of values, such as democracy, equality, and toleration of personal freedoms, which included freedoms of speech and both sexual and racial liberties. Thus, most Radical Enlightenment writings were about wholesale destruction of the current order and the rebuilding of a new society. Radical Enlightenment writers used Rousseau's ideas to teach French citizens that all men are equal, men by nature are good and noble, and thus, society must return to a state of nature by using reason to rebuild society again. Since society was poisoned, there was no need to care about tradition. The danger was that the revolutionary fervor persuaded citizens that it was simple to demolish and rebuild society as commonplace as it was to speak about it in the salon.
Recommended reading for anyone interested in political philosophy, enlightenment history, and the French Revolution.

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