Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Wilderness Tradition | Date: 15 April 2011, 14:14
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One of the reasons I bought this book is that Kenneth Kitchen in his "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" draws extensively upon the research findings of Professor Hoffmeier in the Sinai and elsewhere. In this book, Professor Hoffmeier uses his extensive knowledge of the archaeology and geography of the Sinai to review the many suggested alternatives put forward as to the location of the various toponyms cited in the description of the Exodus from the biblical books of Exodus and Numbers, and states that "What this study attempts to do is to draw attention to the wilderness episodes in the light of archaeological evidence, textural materials, geography, toponym, and personal names."
Chapters 1 and 2 are on the subject of the Wilderness Tradition and the Historians of Religion, which includes a critical review of the Origins of the Israel Debate, and the various positions put forward by past and present scholars, as well as a thorough review and justification for using a "Phenomenological" approach to the study of the religion of Ancient Israel - which is to say, that the theophanies of the prophets must be considered from the view point of the believer, and "suspends judgment on the phenomenon in question and examining it empathetically"
Chapters 3 and 4 examine the geographical nature of the Sinai and its climate, and the geography of the Exodus as described in the Biblical sources. The main toponyms referred to in the Hebrew versions of the biblical sources which are examined in these chapters are Rameses, Pithom, Succoth, and Etham. The discussion focuses on the various alternatives put forward as to the possible geographical locations of these places, taking into account the latest archaeological findings and the possible derivation of these names from the original Egyptian.
Chapter 5 is on the subject of the location of the Red (Reed) Sea, and starts with a discussion on the account in Exodus 14:2 - "Tell the Israelites to turn back and camp in front of Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol, and the sea, in front of Baal Zephon ...". In a tightly reasoned and detailed analysis, and the author concludes that the place names associated with the Red Sea (yam sup) demonstrates that the author has a specific location in mind, and that the terms correspond best to Egyptian toponyms of the 13th century.
Chapter 6 is on the subject of "The Mountain of God", in which the author reviews the itineraries from Exodus and Numbers, and provides a detailed analysis of the proposed locations which have been put forward in Northern and Central Sinai, locations outside the Sinai Peninsula, and in Southern Sinai.
Chapter 7 is on the subject of the journey from Egypt to Sinai and the requirements for traveling and living in the wilderness. There is a full discussion on the perplexing problem of the number of Israelites, the possible locations of the toponyms which are referred to after the crossing of the "Red Sea", as well as culinary considerations such as the source of food (i.e. Manna and Quails) and the lack of vegetables
Chapters 8 - 10 cover the subject of the Sinai Legislation, the Desert Sanctuary, and Egyptian Personal Names and other Egyptian Elements. The purpose of these chapters is to show, quite clearly, that all of these could have had an origin in Egyptian practices of the 13th to 12th centuries BCE.
Chapter 11, the final chapter, is on the Wilderness Tradition and the Origin of Israel in which the author states that his study tends to support the view that Israel entered Canaan from the outside, either as invaders or peacefully infiltrating emigrants. The topics covered are the origins of Israel's God, the Israelites as "Shasu", and the Israelites depicted in Egypt.
Professor Hoffmeier has been very careful to examine the pros and cons of the various arguments that other scholars have put forward as to why each particular location matches a biblical toponym, and in selecting what he believes to be the most likely locations based on the brief physical descriptions mentioned in the text, he provides a thorough examination of the geographical and physical nature of the various alternatives, as well as what has been recorded about these locations in ancient and not so ancient times. While he clearly believes in the historicity of the accounts of the Exodus, he demonstrates a very objective approach in selecting his own preference as to the most likely route (and numbers) of the Israelites on their journey in the wilderness of Sinai. One of the most striking examples of this is a comparison of names, religious procedures, format of the covenant, etc, with known practices of similar societies of the time in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and other areas of the Middle East.
In his conclusion the author states that "the Bible accurately preserves an authentic picture of the travels and life in the Sinai wilderness during this period." I think the facts he presents are about as complete as one can expect with the current state of archaeological knowledge and is a very thorough exposition of the evidence for the presence of the Israelites in the Sinai following their Exodus from Egypt in or about the 12th Century BCE. I think his analysis and conclusions are well reasoned and convincing. I have absolutely no hesitation in recommending this thoroughly scholarly book to all those who are interested in the verification of the biblical text with archaeological discoveries on the ground.
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