The conference from which this book derives took place in Tsukuba, Japanin March 2004. The fifth in a continuing series of conferences, this one was organized to examine dynamic processes in "lower order" cognitionfrom perception to attention to memory, considering both the behavioraland the neural levels. We were fortunate to attract a terrific group of contributorsrepresenting five countries, which resulted in an exciting conferenceand, as the reader will quickly discover, an excellent set of chapters. In Chapter 1, we will provide a sketchy "road map" to these chapters, elucidating some of the themes that emerged at the conference. The conference itself was wonderful. We very much enjoyed the variety of viewpoints and issues that we all had the opportunity to grapple with. There were lively and spirited exchanges, and many chances to talk to each other about exciting new research, precisely what a good conference should promote. We hope that the readers of this book will have the same experience—moving from careful experimental designs in the cognitive laboratory to neural mechanisms measured by new technologies, from the laboratory to the emergency room, from perceptual learning to changes in memory over decades, all the while squarely focusing on how best to explain cognition, not simply to measure it. Ultimately